Variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma hemorrágico

Introducción: La enfermedad traumática grave es la sexta causa de muerte a nivel mundial, un elevado porcentaje de fallecidos se atribuye a hemorragias no controladas. En Cuba se carece de estudios sobre variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma hemorrágico. Objetivo: Identificar variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz en pacientes hospitalizados con trauma hemorrágico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, que incluyó 207 pacientes con trauma hemorrágico, en el Hospital General Provincial "Camilo Cienfuegos" de Sancti Spíritus, En el período comprendido entre los años 2012 y 2017. Las variables se agruparon en sociodemográficas, enfermedades crónicas, mecanismo lesional, tipo de trauma, localización topográfica, complicaciones precoces, tratamiento médico-quirúrgico y mortalidad precoz. Se elaboró un modelo de regresión logística binaria mediante el método hacia delante de Wald. Resultados: El porcentaje global del modelo de regresión logística mostró la relación entre lo pronosticado respecto a lo observado en un 94,6 %. Los predictores explicaron el 83,8 % de la variabilidad de la variable dependiente. Se determinaron cinco variables predictoras de mortalidad precoz, hipertensión arterial, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, hepatopatía crónica, coagulopatía aguda e hipotermia. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las enfermedades crónicas como la hipertensión arterial, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y las hepatopatías crónicas, asociadas a la coagulopatía aguda e hipotermia fueron identificadas como variables predictoras de muerte precoz en pacientes hospitalizados por trauma hemorrágico.

Introduction: Severe traumatic disease is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide, high percentage of deaths is ascribed to uncontrolled bleeding. There are no studies in Cuba on predictive variables of early mortality in hospitalized patients with hemorrhagic trauma. Objective: To identify predictive variables of early mortality in hospitalized patients with hemorrhagic trauma. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out, which included 207 patients with hemorrhagic trauma, at Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial General Hospital in Sancti Spíritus, from 2012 to 2017. The variables were grouped into sociodemographic, diseases chronic, lesion mechanism, type of trauma, topographic location, early complications, medical-surgical treatment and early mortality. A binary logistic regression model was developed using the Wald forward method. Results: The global percentage of the logistic regression model showed the relationship between what was predicted with respect to what was observed in 94.6%. The predictors explained 83.8% of the variability of the dependent variable. Five predictors of early mortality, arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, acute coagulopathy, and hypothermia were determined. Conclusions: It is concluded that chronic diseases such as arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic liver disease, associated with acute coagulopathy and hypothermia, were identified as predictors of early death in patients hospitalized for hemorrhagic trauma.

Características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático

Introducción: El choque hemorrágico traumático es una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con trauma grave. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó 207 pacientes con choque hemorrágico traumático. Para la descripción de las características de los pacientes se consideraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se realizó un análisis de frecuencias, con un nivel de significación de p< 0,05 y para las variables cuantitativas se estimó la media, desviación típica. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (85 % de los pacientes), con una edad media de 43,7 ± 15,7 años. El 42,5 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes eran hipertensos. Predominaron los accidentes de tránsito (63,2 %), los traumas contusos (57,5 %) y politraumatizados (42,5 %). La acidosis metabólica estuvo presente en 66,7 % (p= 0,000) de los pacientes. La media del tiempo entre ingreso y tratamiento definitivo fue de 3,52 ± 1,19 horas El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño se aplicó en el 2,9 % y 5,4 % de los pacientes respectivamente. La muerte precoz fue de 30 %. Conclusiones: Predominaron los pacientes masculinos, menores de 60 años, las complicaciones precoces que tuvieron significación estadística y el tiempo entre ingreso y comienzo del tratamiento definitivo de 3 horas y más. El tratamiento médico quirúrgico de control de daño no se aplicó con frecuencia y la muerte precoz fue elevada.

Introduction: Traumatic hemorrhagic shock is one of the main causes of death in patients with severe trauma. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 207 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. To describe the characteristics of the patients, sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical variables were considered. A frequency analysis was performed, with a significance level of p<0.05 and for the quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were estimated. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex (85% of the patients), with a mean age of 43.7 ± 15.7 years. 42.5% (p= 0.000) of the patients were hypertensive. Traffic accidents (63.2%), blunt trauma (57.5%) and polytraumatized (42.5%) predominated. Metabolic acidosis was present in 66.7% (p= 0.000) of the patients. The mean time between admission and definitive treatment was 3.52 ± 1.19 hours. Surgical medical treatment for damage control was applied in 2.9% and 5.4% of the patients, respectively. Early death was 30%. Conclusions: There was a predominance of male patients, under 60 years of age, more, and early complications that had statistical significance and the time between admission and the start of definitive treatment of 3 hours. Damage control surgical medical treatment was not frequently applied and early death was high.

Analysis of the number of beds required in trauma intensive care unit in the branch campus of a tertiary hospital in Beijing / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:Severe trauma events are emergent, with low incidence and unpredictable. Current guideline does not provide precise recommendations on how the trauma centers should arrange the number of beds in trauma intensive care units while making rational use of medical resources. We analyzed the trauma intensive care unit bed requirement in the branch campus of our hospital to propose a reasonable assessment.Methods:Patients with severe trauma sent to the Intensive Care Unit of Peking University People's Hospital from January 2022 to June 2022 were collected. The daily number of patients received intensive care was counted. The bed requirement of the intensive care unit covering 99% of clinical needs was calculated based on the probability distribution function.Results:From January 2022 to June 2022, 103 patients with severe trauma [74 males and 29 females, aged (51.47±16.06) years, ranging 16 to 87 years] were included in the study. Among the 103 patients, 57 were injured in traffic accidents, 26 fell from a high altitude, 12 fell, 4 were hit by heavy objects, and 4 were stabbed. TISS ranged from 16 to 50. The range of the daily bed requirement in the intensive care unit was 0–10, which was consistent with the Poisson distribution. According to the probability distribution function, nine trauma intensive care beds could meet 99.19% of clinical needs.Conclusions:In severe traumatic events, patients need to be transferred to intensive care unit as soon as possible. For our branch campus, nine trauma intensive care beds can cover more than 99% of clinical needs. It follows that, in accordance with the basic requirements of trauma center construction, hospitals with trauma centers need at least 9 beds in intensive care units. However, traumatic events cannot be predicted; thus, the bed requirement needs to be regularly evaluated.

Application of thrombelastogram in blood transfusion for patients in early stage of severe trauma / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the value of thrombelastogram(TEG) on monitoring the coagulation function and guiding blood transfusion in admitted patients in early stage of severe trauma. 【Methods】 A total of 96 patients in early stage of severe trauma were selected from Ezhou Central Hospital, and were divided into two groups using a random number table method, with 48 patients in each group. The control group was guided by four routine coagulation tests for blood transfusion, while the observation group was guided by TEG.The detection rate of trauma-induced coagulopathy, detection duration, blood infusion volume within 24 hours of admission, coagulation index levels at different time points after blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, ICU stay, and mortality rate between the two groups were compared. 【Results】 The detection rate of trauma-induced coagulopathy was 72.9% in the control group and 93.8% in the observation group(P<0.05). The transfusion volume of fresh frozen plasma (U) and red blood cell (U) in the observation group within 24 hours of admission were significantly lower than those in the control group, which were (35.13±4.75) vs (45.17±6.54), (5.19±1.41) vs (7.08±1.32) (P<0.05); the tranfusion volume of cryoprecipitate (U) and the rate of platelet transfusion in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, which were (36.78±2.49) vs (24.84±3.92), 79.2% vs 22.9%(P<0.05). The APTT(s), PT(s), TT(s), R(min), and K(min) in the observation group 8 hours after blood transfusion were significantly lower than those in the control group, which were (58.16±10.39) vs (70.83±14.99), (15.44±3.22) vs (17.32±2.89), (21.39±4.51) vs (25.18±4.73), (13.03±3.29) vs (14.95±4.57), and (8.07±3.65) vs (10.54±5.14) (P<0.05), while FIB(g/L), MA(mm), α(°), and Plt (×109/L) were higher than those in the control group, which were (2.02±0.46) vs (1.09±0.27), (35.56±11.88) vs (29.57±9.25), (40.07±13.34) vs (27.23±10.87), and (135.87±59.13) vs (108.17±52.08) (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 TEG can help monitoring the coagulation function in patients in early stage of severe trauma and guide the blood transfusion.

The clinical value of enhanced whole-body CT in the early treatment of severe trauma / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the significant effects of enhanced whole-body computed tomography (EWBCT) and non-enhanced whole-body computed tomography (N-EWBCT) on the missed diagnosis rate, renal function and prognosis of patients with severe trauma.Methods:Clinical data of trauma patients admitted from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020 were collected from the trauma database of the Trauma Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. All patients included in this study were divided into the EWBCT group and N-EWBCT group according to whether they underwent enhanced whole-body computed tomography examination. The differences in baseline data, missed diagnosis rate, renal function and prognosis of the two groups of patients were compared.Results:A total of 459 patients were included in this study, including 184 patients in the EWBCT group and 275 patients in the N-EWBCT group. The missed diagnosis rate of the N-EWBCT group was significantly higher than that of the EWBCT group (18% vs. 5%, P < 0.01). The risk ratio of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the EWBCT group and N-EWBCT group was 9% and 7%, respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups ( P >0.05). The mortality rate of patients in the N-EWBCT group was higher than that in the EWBCT group (23% vs. 12%, P=0.002). Conclusions:Compared with N-EWBCT, EWBCT does not significantly increase the risk of renal damage in patients with severe trauma. For patients with severe trauma, early EWBCT can reduce the missed diagnosis rate and improve the clinical prognosis.

Clinical features and risk factor analysis of severe trauma patients with acute kidney injury / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of the severe trauma patients with Acute kidney injury (AKI) ,and analyze the risk factors and clinical prognosis.Methods:Clinical data of severe trauma patients admitted to ICU of Xiaolan Hospital of Southern Medical University, from July 2018 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic data, basic diseases, critical disease score, serum creatinine, hemoglobin, treatment options, blood transfusion volume, and clinical outcomes were collected to establish a clinical database. AKI was diagnosed and graded according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criterion, and trauma type was classified according to the main injury part. The clinical data and laboratory examination of different groups were compared to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis in severe trauma patients. The risk factors of AKI in severe trauma patients were analyzed by Logistic regression.Results:(1) A total of 175 patients with severe trauma were eligible for inclusion, and the incidence of AKI was 30.9%(54/175), including 29 patients with AKI stage 1(16.6%), 15 patients with AKI stage 2 (8.6%), and 10 patients with AKI stage 3 (5.7%). In the cohort, the rate of in-hospital renal replacement therapy was 4%, in-hospital mortality was 5.7%, and 28-day mortality was 16.6%. (2) The age, shock patients, ICU admission serum creatinine, APACHEⅡscore and ISS score of AKI group were significantly higher than those of non-AKI group ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in gender, underlying diseases (hypertension and diabetes), ICU admission hemoglobin level and contrast agent utilization rate( P>0.05). Compared with the non-AKI group, AKI group had higher rates of surgical treatment (63% vs. 44.6%), more blood transfusion [875(720,1110)mL & 670(610,750)mL], longer ICU stay [6(4,11)d & 4(2.5,7.5)d], and higher rates of mechanical ventilation (96.3% vs. 81%), renal replacement therapy rate (13% vs. 0), in-hospital mortality (13% vs. 2.5%) and 28-day mortality (25.9% vs. 12.4%), the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). (3) The incidence of AKI was different in patients with different types of severe trauma, and the abdominal trauma group with a highest rate (50%). The serum creatinine at ICU admission and the peak value during hospitalization in abdominal trauma group were significantly higher than those in other injury types ( P<0.05). (4) Logistic regression analysis showed Age [ OR=1.020, 95% CI(1.003,1.038), P=0.024], APACHEⅡscore [ OR=1.137, 95% CI(1.053,1.228), P=0.001], shock [ OR=1.102, 95% CI(0.906,1.208), P=0.034], ICU admission serum creatinine [ OR=1.068, 95% CI(1.036,1.102), P=0.000], surgical treatment [ OR=4.205, 95% CI(1.446,12.233), P=0.008], blood transfusion volume [ OR=1.006, 95% CI(1.002,1.009), P=0.001] were independent risk factors for AKI in severe trauma patients. Conclusions:Severe trauma patients yield a high incidence of AKI influencing clinical prognosis. The incidence of AKI varies with different types of severe trauma. Age, APACHEⅡscore, shock, ICU admission serum creatinine, surgical treatment, and blood transfusion volume are independent risk factors for AKI in severe trauma patients.

Referral conditions for severe road traffic injuries and their influence on the occurrence of hospital deaths in Benin

Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of death by trauma. Delays in in first aid due, inter alia, to the long time to transfer traffic accident victims to hospital and the lack of pre-hospital emergency care, contribute to the increase in hospital mortality. This study aims to analyse the referral conditions for severe road traffic injuries and to assess their effect on the occurrence of hospital deaths in Benin. This is an analytical prospective cohort study conducted in road accident victims with a severe injury. Four groups of factors were studied: referral conditions, sociodemographic and victim-specific characteristics, factors related to the accident environment, and factors related to health services. A top-down binary stepwise logistic regression was the basis for the analyses. Nine point eight percent of severe trauma patients died after hospital admission (7.0-13.5). Associated factors were referral time greater than 1 hour (RR=5.7 [1.5-20.9]), transport to hospital by ambulance (RR=4.8 [1.3-17.3]) and by the police or fire department (RR=7.4 [1.8- 29.7]), not wearing protective equipment (RR=4.5 [1.4-15.0]), head injuries (RR=34.8 [8.7-139.6]), and no upper extremity injuries (RR=20.1 [2.3-177.1]). To reduce the risk of hospital death in severe road traffic injuries, it is important to ensure rapid and medicalized referral of severe trauma patients in Benin.

Construction of a prognostic prediction model and scoring tool for severe trauma patients in the emergency department / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To construct the prognostic prediction model and scoring tool by using severe trauma patients’ physiological indicators on admission, and to verify the clinical application effect and provide a reference for the early evaluation of severe trauma patients.Methods:This study was a retrospective study which adopted cluster sampling. Patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the emergency department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from September 2019 to November 2020 were included. Patients were randomly assigned into the modeling group and the validation group in a ratio of 7:3 based on their outcome in the emergency department. Logistic regression analysis was performed to construct a prediction model, which was simplified as a scoring tool. The model was verified by using validation group and two months’ prospective validation. The efficiency of the simplified scoring tool was compared with that of the revised trauma score (RTS) and the injury severity score (ISS).Results:Totally 863 patients were included in this study, including 604 patients in the modeling group and 259 patients in the validation group. The model included systolic blood, SpO 2 and AVPU score. The AUC for predicting the death of severe trauma patients was 0.938. The AUC of the prediction model was 0.933, the best cut-off point was 5, the sensitivity was 86.7%, the specificity was 94.2%; the AUC of the validation was 0.885, the sensitivity was 83.3%, the specificity was 93.7%; and the AUC of prospective validation was 0.919, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 76.7%. The AUC of the RTS and ISS were 0.800 and 0.833, respectively. The AUC of RTS was lower than that of the simplified scoring tool constructed in this research. Conclusions:The prediction model and simplified scoring tool are better than RTS in predicting the outcome of emergency severe trauma patients, which are convenient for emergency medical staff to evaluate the severity of trauma patients.

Early changes within the lymphocyte population are associated with the long term prognosis in severely injured patients / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between early lymphocyte responses and the prognosis in severely injured patients.@*METHODS@#Consecutive patients with severe trauma who were treated in Peking University People's Hospital Trauma Medical Center between June 2017 and June 2020 were enrolled in this restropective chart-review study. According to the responses of lymphocyte after severe injury, the patients were divided into three groups, group 1: lymphopenia-returned to normal; group 2: persistent lymphopenia; group 3: never lymphopenic, and the outcome of 28 d were recorded. Clinical data such as gender, age, base excess, mechanism of injury, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), injury severity score (ISS) and massive blood transfusion were collected. Perform statistical analysis on the collected clinical data to understand the trend of lymphocyte changes in early trauma and the relationship with prognosis. In order to eliminate the interference of age, stratification was carried out according to whether the age was ≥ 65 years old, in different age groups, they were grouped according to whether the length of stay was ≥ 28 d, and the relationship between lymphocyte trend and length of stay was discussed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 83 patients were included, 66 males and 17 females. The main injury mechanisms were traffic accident injuries and high-altitude fall injuries. The average ISS was (30±11) points. 65 patients had lymphopenia on the day of injury, 32 of them returned to normal on the 5th day, and the rest did not recover; the other 18 patients had normal lymphocyte levels after injury. Patients which are failure to normalize lymphopenia within the first 5 days following admission was related with the long hospitalization time and higher 28 d mortality rate. After further stratification by age, failure to normalize lymphopenia within the first 5 days following admission in the elderly group (age ≥65 years) was a risk factor for prolonged hospital stay (≥28 d), P=0.04. While in younger group, a high level of neutrophils within the first 5 d following admission was a risk factor for bad outcome.@*CONCLUSION@#A failure to normalize lymphopenia in severely injured patients is associated with significantly higher mortality and longer hospital stay. This study reveals lymphocytes can be used as a reliable indicator for the prognostic evaluation.

Depuración del lactato y mortalidad en residentes de la gran altitud con trauma grave / Lactate clearance and mortality in high altitude residents with severe trauma

Introducción: Diversos estudios reportan que la depuración del lactato está asociado a la mortalidad en los pacientes críticos. Se describe la relación entre la depuración del lactato y la normalización del lactato con la mortalidad en los pacientes residentes de la gran altitud con trauma grave. Por lo cual es importante conocer la mortalidad de los pacientes con trauma grave en la altitud y la distribución lesional del trauma grave en la altitud. Material y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, realizado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos a 4,150 "msnm" en pacientes que ingresaron por trauma grave. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: a) Diagnóstico de trauma grave. b) Injury severity score mayor a 16. c) Presencia del resultado del análisis del lactato al ingreso y a las 6 horas en UCI y d) Residente de la altitud desde los 12 años. Se excluyeron los pacientes con historias clínicas incompletas y no legibles. Resultados: Se incluyeron 160 pacientes, Mortalidad del 15%, 65% de las lesiones fueron por trauma encefálico grave. En el grupo de supervivientes (n=136), la depuración de lactato fue del 52,27% y en el grupo de fallecidos fue 21,38%. En relación a la normalización (lactato< 2 mmol/L), el grupo de supervivientes tuvo 47% frente a 1% de los fallecidos. Conclusiones: La depuración de lactato y la normalización del lactato a las 6 seis horas son factores de protección para disminuir la mortalidad por trauma grave. La mortalidad por trauma grave es 15%. El trauma encefálico grave fue la lesión más frecuente.

Background: Several studies report that lactate clearance is associated with mortality in critically ill patients. Objectives: To describe the relationship between lactate clearance and lactate normalization with mortality in high-altitude resident patients with severe trauma. To know the mortality of patients with severe trauma at altitude. Know the injury distribution of severe trauma at altitude. Material and Methods: Epidemiological, observational, analytical, cohort, retrospective study, carried out in an intensive care unit located at 4,150 "masl" in patients admitted for severe trauma. The inclusion criteria were: a) Diagnosis of severe trauma. b) Injury severity score greater than 16. c) Presence of the result of the lactate analysis at admission and at 6 hours in the ICU and d) Resident of the altitude since the age of 12. Patients with incomplete and unreadable medical records were excluded. Results: 160 patients were included, mortality of 15%, 65% of the injuries were due to severe brain trauma. In the group of survivors (136), lactate clearance was 52.27% and in the group of deceased it was 21.38%. In relation to normalization (lactate <2 mmol / L), the group of survivors had 47% compared to 1% of the deceased. Conclusions: Lactate clearance and lactate normalization at 6 hours are protective factors to decrease mortality from severe trauma. Mortality from severe trauma is 15%. Severe head trauma was the most frequent injury.

The interpretation of Consensus on emergency surgery and infection prevention and control for severe trauma patients with 2019 novel corona virus pneumonia / 解放军医学杂志

A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has occurred in Wuhan, Hubei province since Dec. 2019. As of Feb. 10, 2020, more than 40,000 cases had been confirmed, nearly 30,000 cases in Hubei alone, and no inflection point in epidemiology appeared. Severe trauma may still occur during the outbreak of the COVID-19. In order to protect the medical personnel involved in emergency treatment and ensuring the timeliness of treatment for trauma patients, The Trauma Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Doctors' Association (CMDA) organized the drafting of the present expert consensus. This paper interprets the main views of the expert consensus, emphasizes that the safety of health care staff and patients are equally important, and that the treatment strategies and procedures for severe trauma need to be adjusted during the COVID-19 outbreak. The consensus also recommends the use of CT scan, which plays both the role of screening COVID-19 and accurate assessment of trauma, and strengthening the protection of medical staff. The consensus states that medical personnel can be exempted from isolation if they wear standard three-level protective equipment and are not accidentally exposed during the operation. This expert consensus is the first one to systematically review, summarize and analyze the progress of COVID-19 from a surgeon's perspective. It may be used as a reference for medical institutions at all levels to treat patients with severe trauma and perform other kinds of operations during the COVID-19 outbreak.

The effect of serum HMGB1 levels on the severity and prognosis of critical ill patients with early trauma-induced coagulopathy in the intensive care unit / 解放军医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the influence of serum high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) levels on the severity and prognosis of critical ill patients at the early of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: 43 cases of critical ill patients with severe trauma were included during January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018 in ICU of Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. International normalized ratio (INR) >1.2 was applied as the diagnosis criterion of TIC. The patients was divided into TIC group (n=23) and control group (n=20). Their age, sex, injury mechanism, the interval between injury and admission to ICU (delay time), the interval between injury and coagulopathy correction (correction time), ISS scores, APACHE II scores at admission to ICU were recorded, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), INR, fibrinogen (Fib), platelet counts (PLT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were detected meanwhile. The serum HMGB1 levels were examined through ELISA. The blood transfusion volume (red blood cells, RBC and fresh frozen plasma, FFP), ventilation time, ICU stay and 28-day mortality rate were statistically analyzed. Results: TIC occurred in 53.5% of critical ill trauma patients in ICU. There were no significant differences in the age, sex, injury mechanism, delay time, APACHE II scores, ISS scores, APTT, PT, CRP and PCT levels between two groups (P>0.05). Compared with control group, the Fib and PLT levels were significantly reduced in the TIC group, and the ventilation time, blood transfusion volume of RBC and FFP, infection rate and organ dysfunction rate were remarkably increased (P<0.05). Besides, the 28-day mortality rate revealed a raised tendency in TIC group (P=0.091). Simultaneously, the serum HMGB1 levels at admission to ICU were significantly increased in the TIC group, and the serum HMGB1 level in the death subgroup was much higher than that in the survivors, as same as those in the TIC subgroup analysis (P=0.000). The correlation analysis disclosed that serum HMGB1 levels at admission was positively related to delay time, correction time, APACHE II score, ISS score, ventilation time, INR levels, APTT, CRP and PCT levels at admission (r=0.648, 0754, 0.526, 0.516, 0.521, 0.509, 0.432, 0.592, 0.375), and was negatively associated with Fib levels, PLT value, infection incidence rate, organ dysfunction rate and 28-day mortality rate (r=-0.424, -0.571, -0.505, -0.396, -0.765). There were significant differences in the delay time, correction time, ISS scores, transfusion volume, serum HMGB1 levels, PLT value, APTT and CRP levels between death subgroup and survivor subgroup of TIC patients (P<0.05), and serum HMGB1 levels and PLT value at admission were independent risk factors in the multivariable logistic regression analysis (P=0.004, 0.011). For the TIC sub-group trauma patients, the AUC of serum HMGB1 levels was 0.897(95%CI 0.748-1.000, P=0.002), the best cutoff value was 54.60 ng/ml with Youden index of 0.808. Conclusions: The PLT levels and serum HMGB1 levels at admission to ICU are independent risk factors of critical ill patients with severe trauma. The serum HMGB1 levels is closely related to severity and prognosis, and can predict the 28-day mortality rate of critical ill patients with TIC.

Combined anatomic and physiologic scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality in ICU patients with severe trauma: A multicenter observational cohort study

Objective: To evaluate the ability of new injury severity score (NISS), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), a combination of NISS and GCS, a combination of APACHE II and GCS, a combination of NISS and APACHE II to predict all-cause mortality of patients with severe trauma in mainland China. Methods: This was a multicenter observational cohort study conducted in the ICU of the Chonggang General Hospital, Daping Hospital of the Army Medical University and Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from January 2012 to August 2016. The score of NISS, APACHE II, GCS, a combination of NISS and GCS, a combination of APACHE II and GCS, a combination of NISS and APACHE II were calculated based on data from the first 24 hours of ICU admission. Data were processed with Student's t-test, chi-square test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of six scoring systems. Calibration was assessed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The primary endpoint was death from any cause during ICU stay. Results: A total of 852 and 238 patients with severe trauma were assigned to the derivation group and validation group, respectively. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.826 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.794-0.855)] for NISS, 0.802 (95% CI=0.768-0.832) for APACHE II, 0.808 (95% CI=0.774-0.838) for NGCS, 0.859 (95% CI=0.829 -0.886) for NISS+NGCS, 0.864 (95% CI=0.835-0.890) for APACHE II +NGCS, 0.896 (95% CI=0.869-0.929) for NISS+APACHE II in the derivation cohort. Similarly, the score of NISS+APACHE II was also better than the other five scores in the validation cohort (AUC=0.782; 95% CI=0.725-0.833) and had a good calibration (P=0.41). Conclusions: Taking into account anatomical and physiological parameters completely, the combination of NISS and APACHE II performs better than NISS, APACHE II, NGCS, NISS+NGCS, APACHE II +NGCS for predicting mortality in ICU severe trauma patients. It is needful to develop models that contain various types of accessible predictors (demographic variables, injury cause/mechanism, physiological and anatomical variables, etc.) as comprehensive as possible.

Combined anatomic and physiologic scoring systems for predicting in-hospital mortality in ICU patients with severe trauma: A multicenter observational cohort study

Objective: To evaluate the ability of new injury severity score (NISS), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), a combination of NISS and GCS, a combination of APACHE II and GCS, a combination of NISS and APACHE II to predict all-cause mortality of patients with severe trauma in mainland China. Methods: This was a multicenter observational cohort study conducted in the ICU of the Chonggang General Hospital, Daping Hospital of the Army Medical University and Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from January 2012 to August 2016. The score of NISS, APACHE II, GCS, a combination of NISS and GCS, a combination of APACHE II and GCS, a combination of NISS and APACHE II were calculated based on data from the first 24 hours of ICU admission. Data were processed with Student's t-test, chi-square test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of six scoring systems. Calibration was assessed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The primary endpoint was death from any cause during ICU stay. Results: A total of 852 and 238 patients with severe trauma were assigned to the derivation group and validation group, respectively. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.826 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.794-0.855)] for NISS, 0.802 (95% CI=0.768-0.832) for APACHE II, 0.808 (95% CI=0.774-0.838) for NGCS, 0.859 (95% CI=0.829 -0.886) for NISS+NGCS, 0.864 (95% CI=0.835-0.890) for APACHE II +NGCS, 0.896 (95% CI=0.869-0.929) for NISS+APACHE II in the derivation cohort. Similarly, the score of NISS+APACHE II was also better than the other five scores in the validation cohort (AUC=0.782; 95% CI=0.725-0.833) and had a good calibration (P=0.41). Conclusions: Taking into account anatomical and physiological parameters completely, the combination of NISS and APACHE II performs better than NISS, APACHE II, NGCS, NISS+NGCS, APACHE II +NGCS for predicting mortality in ICU severe trauma patients. It is needful to develop models that contain various types of accessible predictors (demographic variables, injury cause/mechanism, physiological and anatomical variables, etc.) as comprehensive as possible.

Prognosis-related factors of severe trauma in intensive care unit / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the prognosis-related factors of severe trauma in Intensive Care Unit,and to provide clinical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of severe trauma.Methods The clinical data of all 408 patients with severe trauma and ISS score ≥ 25 admitting to our ICU and from January 2011 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.To summarize the epidemiological characteristics and compare gender,age,site of injury,cause of injury,duration,complications,treatment,ISS score and APACHE Ⅱ score between the improved group and the death or deterioration group.Results There were 332 people who were improved and 76 people who died or deteriorated.The patients of death and deterioration groups were older,has a higher proportion of self falls,environment disorder,shock,ARF,ARDS and MODS,more complications,and are more likely to accept mechanical ventilation,blood purification,CPR and lower GCS score and higher APACHE Ⅱ score.The improvement group has more sites of injury higher proportion of chest,limbs and pelvis injury,and is more likely to accept surgical operation and the longer hospital stay.Binary Logistic regression analysis shows that age ＞ 55,self falls,MODS,APACHE Ⅱ ＞ 20 and CPR are risk factors of death and deterioration for the severe trauma in ICU.Conclusion It's essential to pay more attention to the overall situation of patients,preventing complications,and protecting the function of organs during the treatment of severe trauma in ICU.

Trauma care construction under the guidance of county-level trauma centers / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Severe trauma has the characteristics of complicated condition, multiple organs involved, limited auxiliary examinations, and difficulty in treatment. Most of the trauma patients were sent to primary hospitals to receive treatments. But the traditional mode of separate discipline management can easily lead to delayed treatment, missed or wrong diagnosis and high disability, which causes a high mortality in severe trauma patients. Therefore, if the primary hospitals, especially county-level hospitals (usually the top general hospital within the administrative region of a county), can establish a scientific and comprehensive trauma care system, the success rate of trauma rescue in this region can be greatly improved. On March 1st, 2013, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, China set up a trauma care center, which integrated the pre-hospital and in-hospital trauma treatment procedures, and has achieved good economic and social benefits. Till March 1st, 2017, 1265 severe trauma patients (injury severity score >16) have been treated in this trauma center. The rescue success rate reached 95% and the delayed and/or missed diagnosis rate was less than 5%. Totally 86 severe cases of pelvic fractures with unstable hemodynamics were treated, and the success rate was 92%. The in-hospital emergency rescue response time is less than 3 min, and the time from definite diagnosis to surgery is within 35 min.

Algunas consideraciones en torno a la atención del paciente politraumatizado / Some considerations about the polytraumatized patient care

Objetivos: conceptualizar el politraumatismo a la luz de los conocimientos vigentes, su génesis, la conducta a seguir durante la atención prehospitalaria y hospitalaria, la determinación de los índices de severidad relacionados con la mortalidad y sus causas, así como el tratamiento mediante equipos de trabajo multidisciplinarios especializados. Métodos: revisión documental de la bibliografía médica nacional y extranjera del presente siglo, mediante el buscador Google académico, las bases de datos Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed, en idiomas inglés y español. Desarrollo: en la actualidad constituye un verdadero problema científico la diversidad de criterios sobre la atención de los politraumatizados en general y de los graves, en particular, porque continúan siendo un problema de salud para la población, pues suelen recibirlos fundamentalmente los varones en edades productivas de la vida, por lo general mediante accidentes y/o agresiones y requieren gran cantidad de recursos para su atención, necesitan un tratamiento precoz, intensivo y multidisciplinario, a pesar de mantener altas tasas de letalidad y mortalidad. Conclusiones: la evaluación precoz de la gravedad del trauma, permite tratar adecuadamente y con inmediatez a los lesionados y posibilita mejorar su pronóstico, debido a que se cuenta con equipos de trabajo altamente especializados, podrá elevarse la calidad asistencial y, con esa premisa, el índice de supervivencia de estos enfermos(AU)

Objectives: To conceptualize polytrauma in the light of current knowledge, its genesis, the management during prehospital and hospital care, the severity indexes related to mortality and its causes, as well as the treatment by specialized multidisciplinary teams. Methods: Documents review from national and foreign medical bibliography of this century, through the academic Google search engine, the Scielo, Lilacs, Pubmed databases, in English and Spanish. Body: At present the diversity of criteria on the care of polytraumatized in general and of the severe ones is a real scientific problem, in particular, because they continue to be a health problem for the population, since they are usually suffered by men of productive ages, usually by accidents and / or assaults and require a large amount of resources for their care, they need early, intensive and multidisciplinary treatment, despite maintaining high rates of lethality and mortality. Conclusions: the early assessment of the severity of the trauma allows the injured to be treated adequately and immediately, and it makes it possible to improve their prognosis, due to the fact that highly specialized work teams are available, the quality of care can be increased and, with that premise, the survival rate of these patients(AU)

Application of classification-partition-distribution emergency nursing management for severe trauma patients / 现代临床护理

Objective To study the effects of classification-partition-distribution emergency nursing management for severe trauma patients. Method A total of 60 patients from June 2014 to May 2015 were set as control group receiving common nursing and other 62 patients from June 2015 to June 2016 as observation group treated with emergency hierarchical partition and triage nursing. Result The treatment success rate in the observation group were both significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Classification-partition-distribution emergency nursing management for severe trauma patients can increase treatment success rate .

Algunas especificidades concernientes al paciente politraumatizado grave / Some Specifics Concerning About Severe Trauma Patient

El trauma se produce con patrones definidos que permiten identificar factores de riesgo como género (masculino), edad (las extremas de la vida), nivel socioeconómico (bajo), uso de sustancias peligrosas y adictivas, problemas psicológicos y escasa educación relacionada con la seguridad. La mortalidad por lesiones traumáticas graves se mantiene alta. La evaluación precoz de la severidad del trauma permite tratar adecuadamente y con inmediatez a los lesionados, mejorar el pronóstico y lograr que egresen vivos la mayoría de ellos. Por esas razones, constituye un tema de actualidad continuar profundizando sobre sus aspectos cognoscitivos en general, y los relacionados con las principales características de los politraumatizados graves, en particular. Solo contando con equipos multidisciplinarios altamente capacitados y con los recursos necesarios para su atención pre hospitalaria y luego de su hospitalización, puede lograrse la disminución de la mortalidad por esta causa(AU)

Trauma occurs with defined patterns that identify risk factors as gender (male), age (the end of life), socioeconomic stratus (low), use of dangerous and addictive substances, psychological problems and poor education related to safety. Mortality from severe traumatic injuries remains high. Early assessment of trauma severity allows proper and immediate treatment of the injured patient, as well as improving prognosis and achieving that most of patients are alive at discharge. For these reasons, it is a topical issue continue to deepen on its cognitive aspects in general and those related to the main characteristics of severe trauma patients in particular. Decrease in mortality by this cause can be only achieved with highly trained multidisciplinary teams and resources for pre and post hospital care(AU)

Caracterización de los pacientes con traumatismos graves ingresados en un servicio de Cirugía General / Patients' characterization with severe trauma admitted in the General Surgery Service

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de serie de casos, de 137 pacientes con lesiones traumáticas graves, ingresados en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el bienio 2012-2014, con el propósito de caracterizarlos según variables seleccionadas y estimar el índice de mortalidad y sus causas. En la casuística predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino, de 25 a 44 años de edad, así como los agredidos con arma blanca. Hubo buena coincidencia entre los medios de diagnóstico y los hallazgos operatorios. El órgano más comúnmente lesionado fue el bazo, en tanto la mayor complicación encontrada y causa directa de muerte resultó ser el choque hipovolémico. Los pacientes con traumatismo grave tienen alta mortalidad, requieren de un tratamiento precoz, intensivo y multidisciplinario, englobado dentro del concepto de reanimación de control de daños.

A descriptive serial cases study of 137 patients with severe traumatic lesions, admitted in the General Surgery Service of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Provincial Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, during the biennium 2012-2014, aimed at characterizing them according to selected variables and to estimate the index of mortality and their causes. In the case material the 25 to 44 years patients from male sex prevailed, as well as those attacked with stab weapon. There was a good coincidence between the diagnostic tools and the surgical findings. The most commonly injured organ was the spleen, as long as the greatest complication found and direct death cause was the hematogenic shock. The patients with severe trauma have a high mortality; they require an early, intensive and multidisciplinary treatment, included in the concept of resuscitation for damages control.